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In such an environment, sovereignty becomes sanctuary. The price of integration for the weak is high, and all of Europe is weak in some way. It serves as a lesson to other weakening nations, a lesson that over time will transform the European idea of integration and sovereignty. Cyprus set the precedent that the weak will be crushed. Now, Europe can no longer afford pride, and it is every nation for itself. That might be true, but it was admitted - during the time of European hubris when it was felt that mere EU membership would redeem any nation. It has been said by many Europeans that Cyprus should never have been admitted to the European Union. Cyprus, small and marginal, has been crushed while larger nations receive more favorable treatment despite their own irresponsibility.
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How the European Union treats irresponsibility depends upon the power of the nation in question. There are thus many kinds of irresponsibility. But that label applies to all of the EU members, including Germany, who created an economic plant so vast that it could not begin to consume what it produces - making the country utterly dependent on the willingness of others to buy German goods. Certainly, the Cypriots acted irresponsibly. In the indebted peripheral region, Cyprus has been treated with particular economic savagery as part of the bailout process. But the member states do not want to cede sovereignty to a German-dominated EU apparatus in exchange for a bailout. If it bails them out, it must control their budgets. Berlin does not want to let off the European states by simply bailing them out. But as the creditor of last resort, Germany also wants to control the economic behavior of the EU nation-states. Germany wants to retain the European Union to protect German trade interests and because Berlin properly fears the political consequences of a fragmented Europe. The other region on the periphery has high or extraordinarily high unemployment. One region, including Germany, Austria, the Netherlands and Luxembourg, has low unemployment. But now this untenable idea has reached its end and Europe is fragmenting. Europe tried to have it all: economic integration and individual states. Nothing is as it was in 1991.Įurope primarily defined itself as an economic power, with sovereignty largely retained by its members but shaped by the rule of the European Union. The United States is withdrawing from Afghanistan and reconsidering the relationship between global pre-eminence and global omnipotence. Like the Japanese economic miracle before it, the Chinese economic miracle is drawing to a close and Beijing is beginning to examine its military options. The idea of Europe codified in Maastricht no longer defines Europe. In this new era, Europe is reeling economically and is divided politically. The Three Pillars of the International System The second phase still revolved around the three Great Powers - the United States, China and Europe - but involved a major shift in the worldview of the United States, which then assumed that pre-eminence included the power to reshape the Islamic world through military action while China and Europe single-mindedly focused on economic matters. The first assumption was that the United States was the dominant political and military power but that such power was less significant than before, since economics was the new focus. The initial phase of the post-Cold War world was built on two assumptions. A vast coalition dominated by the United States reversed the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. The Maastricht Treaty was formulated, creating the structure of the subsequent European Union.
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China after Tiananmen Square inherited Japan's place as a rapidly growing, export-based economy, one defined by the continued pre-eminence of the Chinese Communist Party. In fact, 1991 was an extraordinary and defining year. Many shifts in the international system accompanied the end of the Cold War. There were, of course, many other aspects and phases of the confrontation, but in the end, the Cold War was a struggle built on Europe's decline. The collapse of the European imperial system, the emergence of new states and a struggle between the Soviets and Americans for domination and influence also defined the confrontation. Both towered over the remnants of Europe's forces. After World War II, the Soviet and American armies occupied Europe. The collapse of Europe framed that confrontation. The confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union defined the Cold War period. An era ended when the Soviet Union collapsed on Dec.